Academia Journal of Medicine (AJM) is a distinguished, bi-annual, peer-reviewed international journal that publishes advanced research in clinical medicine. The journal covers a wide range of topics, including etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, contributing to the broader understanding of medical science. While available both online and in print, AJM operates under a subscription-based model, requiring a fee for full access to its content. This ensures the journal's sustainability while maintaining high editorial and publication standards. Academia Journal of Medicine is now the Official Journal of Central Asian University, School of Dentistry, Tashkent. ISSN (Online): 2663-8290 ISSN (Print): 2663-8282 Key Features: Publishes original research articles, reviews, and case studies. Subscription-based model for full access to content. Bi-annual publication frequency, ensuring timely updates on critical research findings.
Comparative Evaluation of Flavored Versus Unflavored Topical Anesthetic Gel on Pain Perception during Local Anesthetic Administration in Children: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Aim: To compare the effect of flavored and unflavored topical anesthetic gel on pain perception during local anesthetic administration in children. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial will include 60 healthy children aged 5–8 years requiring local anesthetic administration for routine dental treatment. Participants will be randomly allocated into two groups (n = 30 each). Group I will receive unflavored 20% benzocaine topical anesthetic gel, while Group II will receive strawberry-flavored 20% benzocaine topical anesthetic gel. The assigned topical anesthetic will be applied for one minute before administration of local anesthesia using a standardized injection technique. Pain perception will be assessed using the Wong–Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (self-reported pain) and the FLACC (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) scale (observer-rated pain). Statistical analysis will be performed using an independent t-test or Mann–Whitney U test, with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Children receiving the flavored topical anesthetic gel are expected to demonstrate significantly lower Wong–Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale and FLACC scores compared with those receiving the unflavored topical anesthetic gel, indicating reduced pain perception during local anesthetic administration. Conclusion: Flavored topical anesthetic gel may provide a more pleasant sensory experience and reduce pain perception during local anesthetic administration in children. Its use may improve patient comfort and facilitate a more positive dental experience in pediatric practice.
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Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride and Potassium Iodide Pretreatment on the Microleakage of Resin-based Pit and Fissure Sealants: An in Vitro Study
Aim: To evaluate the effect of silver diamine fluoride and potassium iodide pretreatment on the microleakage of resin-based pit and fissure sealants. Materials and Methods: Forty-five extracted, non-carious human premolars were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 15): Group I (control) received resin-based pit and fissure sealant without pretreatment; Group II received 38% SDF prior to sealant placement; and Group III received 38% SDF followed by KI before sealant application. After sealant placement, all specimens were thermocycled for 500 cycles between 5°C and 55°C. The teeth were coated with nail varnish, immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin dye for 24 hours, sectioned buccolingually, and evaluated for dye penetration under a stereomicroscope. Microleakage scores were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's post hoc test, with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The control group demonstrated the lowest microleakage scores, while the SDF-pretreated group showed the highest microleakage. The SDF + KI group exhibited lower microleakage than the SDF group but higher values than the control. The differences among the groups were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Pretreatment with SDF influenced the marginal sealing ability of resin-based pit and fissure sealants by increasing microleakage. The application of KI following SDF reduced microleakage compared with SDF alone; however, it did not restore sealing ability to the level of the control group. Further clinical studies are recommended to validate these findings.
Assessment of Infrazygomatic Crest Dimension in Different Vertical Facial Growth Pattern and Its Clinical Implication for Infrazygomatic Bone Screw Insertion- a Cross-sectional Study
Background: The infrazygomatic crest (IZC) is a preferred extra-alveolar site for orthodontic bone screw placement, offering dense bicortical bone and predictable anchorage. However, anatomical variations in IZC dimensions across different vertical facial growth patterns remain debated, and comprehensive data on second molar sites are limited. This study aimed to assess IZC bone thickness at multiple sites and angulations in patients with different vertical facial growth patterns to establish evidence-based guidelines for safe screw insertion. Aim: To determine IZC bone dimensions across different vertical facial growth patterns, identify optimal insertion sites and angulations, guide screw length selection, and evaluate gender-based differences. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed CBCT scans of 90 subjects (18-30 years) equally divided into average-growing, horizontal-growing, and vertical-growing groups. IZC bone thickness was measured at six sites bilaterally: mesiobuccal root of first molar (MB), distobuccal root of first molar (DB), proximal region between first and second molars (PR), and second molar region (MB2 and DB2), at insertion angulations of 65° and 70°. Measurements were performed using Carestream 9600 CBCT with CS 3D imaging software. Statistical analysis employed one-way ANOVA, post-hoc tests, and paired t-tests (p0.05). Second molar sites (MB2 70°: 3.72±0.92 mm; DB2 70°: 3.34±0.85 mm) showed moderate bone availability. Measurements at 70° were consistently greater than at 65° (p
Effect of Scapular Stabilization Exercises on Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Background: Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome (MPDS) is a common musculoskeletal disorder affecting the masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joint. Altered posture, cervical dysfunction, and impaired scapular stability have been associated with the persistence of pain and functional limitations. Scapular stabilization exercises may improve postural alignment, reduce muscle overload, and alleviate symptoms in individuals with MPDS. Aim: To evaluate the effect of scapular stabilization exercises on pain intensity, mandibular function, and quality of life in patients with MPDS. Materials and Methods: This prospective interventional study included 40 patients diagnosed with MPDS, randomly allocated into two groups (n = 20 each). Group A received conventional therapy, including jaw exercises, moist heat therapy, and patient education. Group B received conventional therapy combined with a structured scapular stabilization exercise program for six weeks. Outcome measures included pain intensity using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), maximum mouth opening (MMO), pressure pain threshold (PPT), and jaw functional limitation assessed using the Jaw Functional Limitation Scale (JFLS). Assessments were performed at baseline and after six weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using paired and independent t-tests, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Both groups demonstrated significant improvement after treatment; however, Group B showed significantly greater reductions in pain intensity and functional limitation, along with greater improvements in maximum mouth opening and pressure pain threshold compared with Group A (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Incorporating scapular stabilization exercises into conventional management of MPDS provides superior improvements in pain reduction, jaw function, and overall functional outcomes compared with conventional therapy alone. These findings support the integration of postural and scapular rehabilitation into the multidisciplinary management of patients with MPDS.
Contemporary Trends in Digital Implantology: A Comprehensive Review
Digital technologies have transformed implant dentistry by improving diagnostic accuracy, surgical precision, prosthetic rehabilitation, and overall treatment predictability. Contemporary digital implantology integrates cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), intraoral scanning, virtual implant planning, computer-guided surgery, digital impression techniques, CAD/CAM fabrication, and artificial intelligence (AI) into a comprehensive clinical workflow. These technologies enhance treatment efficiency, minimize procedural errors, improve patient comfort, and facilitate prosthetically driven implant placement. Recent advances in AI and machine learning have further expanded the scope of implant dentistry by enabling automated image analysis, treatment planning, risk assessment, and outcome prediction. Despite challenges such as high initial costs, learning curves, and the need for long-term clinical validation, digital workflows continue to redefine implant therapy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of contemporary digital implantology, highlighting recent technological advancements, clinical applications, current evidence, limitations, and future directions toward more precise, efficient, and personalized implant treatment.
Zygomatic Implants in Modern Implant Dentistry: A Comprehensive Review
Zygomatic implants have emerged as a predictable graftless solution for the rehabilitation of patients with severe maxillary atrophy, extensive bone loss, and failed conventional implant therapy. By anchoring in the zygomatic bone, they reduce the need for complex bone grafting and facilitate immediate loading in selected cases. Recent advances in implant design, digital planning, guided surgery, and prosthetic rehabilitation have significantly improved treatment outcomes. This review highlights the evolution, indications, implant design, surgical techniques, digital workflow, clinical outcomes, complications, and recent innovations in zygomatic implantology. Current evidence supports zygomatic implants as a reliable and effective treatment option with high long-term survival rates for the rehabilitation of the severely resorbed maxilla.
Relationship Between Restorative Overhangs and Periodontal Disease Progression
Restorative overhangs are recognised as important plaque-retentive factors that may adversely affect periodontal health and contribute to disease progression. This cross-sectional observational study evaluated the relationship between restorative overhangs and periodontal disease progression among 120 participants. Teeth with restorative overhangs showed significantly greater plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, and bleeding on probing than teeth without overhangs. A significant association was also observed between restorative overhangs and increased periodontal disease severity, particularly in posterior teeth. The findings highlight the importance of proper restorative contouring and early correction of defective restorations to maintain periodontal health and prevent periodontal destruction.
Precision and Personalized Periodontics: Transforming Periodontal Care in the Era of Precision Medicine
Periodontitis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease characterized by complex interactions among microbial dysbiosis, host immune response, genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and systemic conditions. Conventional periodontal therapy largely follows a standardized approach despite substantial inter-individual variation in disease susceptibility, progression, and treatment response. Precision periodontics has emerged as a paradigm shift that integrates genomic, proteomic, metabolomic, microbiomic, biomarker, clinical, and digital data to tailor preventive and therapeutic interventions for individual patients. Recent advances in salivary diagnostics, artificial intelligence (AI), multi-omics technologies, and personalized regenerative therapies are enabling risk prediction, early diagnosis, and customized treatment planning. This review discusses the biological basis, diagnostic tools, therapeutic applications, current challenges, and future directions of precision and personalized periodontics.
Artificial Intelligence and Digital Technologies in Neurorehabilitation: Current Applications, Challenges and Future Perspectives
Artificial intelligence (AI) and digital technologies are transforming neurorehabilitation by enabling personalized, data driven, and accessible patient care. Technologies such as machine learning, robotic-assisted rehabilitation, virtual reality, brain–computer interfaces, wearable sensors, and tele-rehabilitation enhance assessment, treatment planning, and functional recovery in neurological conditions including stroke, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury. These innovations improve patient engagement and rehabilitation outcomes while supporting remote monitoring and continuous care. However, challenges such as data privacy, ethical concerns, high costs, limited clinical validation, and unequal access hinder widespread implementation. Future advancements in explainable AI, predictive analytics, and integrated digital rehabilitation platforms are expected to further improve precision, accessibility, and effectiveness. This review summarizes the current applications, key challenges, and future perspectives of AI and digital technologies in neurorehabilitation.
Assessment of Postoperative Pain Following Single-visit Endodontic Treatment using Cold Versus Room-temperature Irrigants: A Randomized Clinical Study
Background: Postoperative pain remains a common concern following single-visit root canal treatment despite advances in endodontic techniques and irrigation protocols. Recent studies suggest that intracanal cryotherapy using cold irrigants may reduce postoperative pain by decreasing local inflammation and tissue edema. However, evidence regarding its effectiveness in routine clinical practice remains limited. Aim: To compare the effect of cold irrigants and room-temperature irrigants on postoperative pain following single-visit endodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: A randomized clinical study was conducted on 40 patients requiring single-visit root canal treatment for symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in single-rooted teeth. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups of 20 each. Group I received final irrigation with 5°C saline solution (cold irrigant), while Group II received final irrigation with saline solution at room temperature (25°C). All treatments were performed using a standardized endodontic protocol. Postoperative pain was assessed using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and repeated measures ANOVA, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Both groups demonstrated a progressive reduction in pain over time. The cold irrigant group showed significantly lower mean VAS scores compared to the room-temperature irrigant group at 6 hours (3.10 ± 1.12 vs. 4.55 ± 1.23, p = 0.002) and 24 hours (1.95 ± 0.89 vs. 3.10 ± 1.05, p = 0.004). Differences at 48 and 72 hours were not statistically significant. No adverse effects related to the use of cold irrigants were observed. Conclusion: The use of cold irrigants during single-visit endodontic treatment significantly reduced early postoperative pain compared with room-temperature irrigants. Intracanal cryotherapy appears to be a simple, safe, and cost-effective adjunct for improving patient comfort following root canal therapy.
Evaluation of Salivary Cortisol Levels and Periodontal Inflammation during Fixed Orthodontic Treatment: A Prospective Clinical Study
Background: Orthodontic treatment is associated with both physical and psychological stress, which may influence periodontal health through inflammatory changes. Salivary cortisol is considered a reliable biomarker for evaluating stress responses during orthodontic therapy. Aim: To evaluate salivary cortisol levels and their association with periodontal inflammation during fixed orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: This prospective clinical study was conducted among 30 patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Periodontal parameters including Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), and Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) were assessed at baseline, 24 hours after appliance activation, and one month after treatment initiation. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected at each interval and analyzed for salivary cortisol levels using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate changes in cortisol levels and periodontal parameters and their correlation. Results: An increase in salivary cortisol levels and periodontal inflammatory parameters was observed following orthodontic appliance activation, particularly during the initial phase of treatment. A positive correlation was noted between elevated cortisol levels and periodontal inflammation. Conclusion: Fixed orthodontic treatment may induce transient stress-related increases in salivary cortisol levels, which may be associated with mild periodontal inflammatory changes. Assessment of stress biomarkers alongside periodontal monitoring may aid in improving orthodontic treatment outcomes.
Artificial Intelligence in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation: A Review
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is emerging as a transformative technology in musculoskeletal rehabilitation by improving diagnosis, treatment planning, patient monitoring, and rehabilitation outcomes. Musculoskeletal disorders such as osteoarthritis, low back pain, sports injuries, fractures, and post-operative conditions are major causes of pain and disability worldwide. Conventional rehabilitation methods often rely on subjective assessment and prolonged clinical supervision. AI-based technologies including machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, robotics, wearable sensors, and virtual reality are increasingly being integrated into musculoskeletal rehabilitation to provide personalized, accurate, and efficient care. These technologies assist clinicians in movement analysis, posture correction, gait assessment, exercise supervision, pain prediction, and functional recovery monitoring. AI-driven rehabilitation systems also support remote rehabilitation through telemedicine platforms and wearable devices, thereby improving accessibility and patient adherence. Robotic-assisted rehabilitation and intelligent exercise systems enhance treatment precision and reduce therapist workload. Despite significant advancements, challenges such as high implementation costs, data privacy concerns, limited technical expertise, and ethical issues remain barriers to widespread adoption. This review highlights the applications, benefits, limitations, and future prospects of AI in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. The integration of AI with conventional rehabilitation approaches has the potential to revolutionize musculoskeletal care by delivering more personalized, evidence-based, and patient-centered treatment.
Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Periodontal Healing During Ortho dontic Tooth Movement: A Randomized Clinical Study
Background: Orthodontic tooth movement is commonly associated with periodontal inflammation, discomfort, and tissue remodeling. Maintaining periodontal health during orthodontic treatment is essential for successful outcomes. Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) is a non-invasive adjunctive modality with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects that may enhance periodontal healing during orthodontic therapy. Aim: To evaluate the effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on periodontal healing and pain perception during orthodontic tooth movement. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical study was conducted over six months in the Department of Orthodontics in collaboration with the Department of Periodontology. Thirty patients requiring bilateral maxillary canine retraction after premolar extraction were randomly divided into two groups of 15 each. Group A received conventional orthodontic treatment, while Group B received adjunctive Low-Level Laser Therapy (810 nm diode laser, 100 mW) during orthodontic activation. Fixed orthodontic treatment was carried out using MBT brackets and nickel-titanium closed coil springs. Periodontal parameters including Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), and Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) were assessed at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months. Pain perception was evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and the rate of tooth movement was measured. Results: Both groups demonstrated mild increases in periodontal parameters during orthodontic treatment; however, the LLLT group showed significantly lower Gingival Index and Bleeding on Probing scores compared to the control group at 1 month and 3 months (p < 0.05). Patients treated with LLLT reported significantly lower pain scores following orthodontic activation. The rate of orthodontic tooth movement was slightly higher in the laser group, although the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Adjunctive Low-Level Laser Therapy may positively influence periodontal healing during orthodontic tooth movement by reducing gingival inflammation and patient discomfort. LLLT appears to be a promising supportive modality for improving periodontal outcomes during orthodontic treatment.
Prevalence and its associated risk factors for oral lichen planus in Central Indian population
Background: Oral lichen planus is a chronic immune-mediated mucosal disorder that may present with white striations, erythematous areas, erosions or ulcerations. It is clinically important because it can cause burning sensation, discomfort during eating and, in some cases, requires long-term surveillance due to its potentially malignant nature. Aim: The study aimed to assess the prevalence of oral lichen planus and its associated risk factors among the Central Indian population attending outreach programmes conducted by People’s College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal. Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 2000 patients screened during institutional outreach oral health programmes. Demographic details, tobacco habits, systemic history, perceived stress, oral hygiene status and local dental irritants were recorded using a predesigned proforma. Oral examination was carried out under adequate illumination, and clinically suspected cases of oral lichen planus were identified based on characteristic oral features. A biopsy was advised for erosive, atypical, or doubtful lesions. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression. Results: Oral lichen planus was diagnosed in 44 patients, giving an overall prevalence of 2.2%. The condition was more common among females and among patients aged 40 and above. Reticular oral lichen planus was the most frequent clinical type, and buccal mucosa was the most commonly affected site. Significant associated factors included tobacco use, high perceived stress, diabetes mellitus, local dental irritation and poor oral hygiene. Conclusion: Oral lichen planus showed a prevalence of 2.2% in the screened Central Indian population. Community-based screening may help with early detection, risk factor identification, counselling, and timely referral for follow-up.
Assessment of ChatGPT-Generated Endodontic Patient Education Materi als: A Readability and Accuracy Analysis
Background: The increasing use of artificial intelligence–based conversational models such as ChatGPT has transformed the way patients access healthcare-related information. In endodontics, patients frequently seek online educational material regarding root canal treatment and related conditions. However, the readability and scientific accuracy of AI generated dental information remain uncertain. Aim: To evaluate the readability and scientific accuracy of ChatGPT-generated patient education materials related to common endodontic conditions and procedures. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted using 100 patient oriented responses generated by ChatGPT. Ten standardized endodontic prompts related to root canal treatment, dental abscess, infected teeth, post-treatment care, and treatment complications were entered ten separate times under identical settings. The generated responses were collected without modification. Readability assessment was performed using the Flesch Reading Ease Score, Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level, SMOG Index, and Gunning Fog Index. Scientific accuracy and quality of information were independently evaluated by three experienced endodontists using a structured 5-point Likert scale assessing accuracy, completeness, clarity, misleading information, and clinical usefulness. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and Cohen’s kappa test for inter-examiner reliability. Results: ChatGPT-generated educational materials demonstrated moderate to high readability, with most responses corresponding to a secondary school reading level. The majority of responses showed good scientific accuracy, clarity, and clinical usefulness. However, certain responses lacked comprehensive explanations regarding procedural complications and emergency management. Minor inconsistencies and oversimplified information were observed in selected outputs. Inter-examiner agreement among evaluators was high. Conclusion: ChatGPT demonstrated promising potential in generating readable and reasonably accurate endodontic patient education materials. Nevertheless, professional verification by dental experts remains necessary before clinical use to ensure reliability and prevent dissemination of incomplete or misleading information.
Comparative Evaluation of Postoperative Pain, Swelling, and Trismus Fol lowing Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Surgery Using Platelet-Rich Fi brin and Ozone Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Study
Background: Postoperative pain, swelling, and trismus are common complications following impacted mandibular third molar surgery. Various adjunctive therapies have been introduced to improve healing and reduce postoperative discomfort. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and ozone therapy have shown promising results due to their anti-inflammatory and healing-enhancing properties. Aim: To compare the effectiveness of PRF and ozone therapy in reducing postoperative pain, swelling, and trismus after impacted mandibular third molar surgery. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical study included 45 patients requiring surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molars. Participants were randomly divided into three groups: Group I (control), Group II (PRF), and Group III (ozone therapy). Postoperative pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), swelling was measured using facial reference points, and trismus was evaluated by measuring maximum mouth opening on postoperative days 1, 3, and 7. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and post hoc tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Both PRF and ozone therapy groups demonstrated reduced postoperative pain, swelling, and trismus compared to the control group. The PRF group showed superior improvement in soft tissue healing and reduction in pain scores, while the ozone therapy group demonstrated better reduction in swelling during the early postoperative period. The differences between the study groups were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Both PRF and ozone therapy are effective adjuncts in minimizing postoperative complications following impacted mandibular third molar surgery. PRF showed comparatively better overall healing outcomes, whereas ozone therapy was more effective in controlling early postoperative swelling.
Level of Vitamin D and its effect on the Lung Function among Paediatric with Bronchial Asthma: A Case–Control Study
Background: Bronchial asthma consider as one of chronic inflammatory illness among children, categorized by airflow restriction and bronchial hyper-responsiveness. A new studies that D deficiency may effects on immunomodulatory, in turn provoke asthma among patients who suffer from it. Objective: To evaluate serum vitamin D levels among children with asthma compared to healthy controls. In addition to assess an association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and severity of asthma, pulmonary function, and disease control. Method: case–control study included 100 children aged 5–13 years, at Babylon hospital for maternity and paediatric, Iraq, from July 2024 to January 2025. Fifty children diagnosed with bronchial asthma were compared with 50 age and sex matched healthy controls. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measured by ELISA and categorized into deficiency groups. Asthma severity was assessed clinically, and pulmonary function was evaluated using spirometry (FEV1 and FEV1/FVC). Results: D level expressively lesser among asthmatic child when compared with controls. Severe D deficiency (≤5 ng/mL) detected in 10% of asthmatic children and none of the controls, while deficiency (≤15 ng/mL) was present in 50% of cases compared to 10% of controls (p<0.001). A noteworthy converse association found between D levels and severity of asthma, with the lowest levels observed in severe asthma (p<0.001). Moreover, asthmatic children with D insufficiency (≤15 ng/mL) had significantly reduced pulmonary function, with mean FEV1 of 60.8±3.2 compared to 80.5±2.5 in those with higher vitamin D levels and 88.2±7.2 in controls (p<0.001). Conclusion: deficiency in vitamin D meaningfully linked with the bronchial asthma and its severity among children and correlates with impaired pulmonary function.
Impact of Prosthodontic Rehabilitation on Nutritional Status in Elderly Individuals
Background Tooth loss and compromised dentition are common among elderly individuals and may adversely affect chewing efficiency, food selection, and nutritional status. Prosthodontic rehabilitation has been suggested to improve oral function and dietary intake; however, evidence regarding its impact on nutritional status remains limited. The study was conducted to evaluate the impact of prosthodontic rehabilitation on the nutritional status of elderly individuals. Materials and Methods A hospital-based prospective interventional study was conducted among 220 elderly individuals requiring prosthodontic rehabilitation. Participants aged 60 years or older who met the eligibility criteria were included. Baseline demographic and clinical data were recorded. Nutritional status was assessed before and after rehabilitation using body mass index (BMI), Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) score, chewing ability score, and dietary intake patterns. Participants underwent indicated prosthodontic treatment, including complete dentures, removable partial dentures, or fixed prostheses. A follow-up assessment was performed after the adaptation period. Data were analysed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics and paired comparison tests were applied, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Among 220 participants, most belonged to the 60–69 years age group, and partial edentulism was more common. Significant improvement was observed following prosthodontic rehabilitation. Mean BMI increased from 20.82±2.74 to 22.04±2.68, while mean MNA score improved from 19.46±3.12 to 23.88±2.94 (p<0.001). Chewing ability also showed significant improvement. Dependence on soft diets reduced, and intake of fruits, vegetables, and protein-rich foods increased significantly after treatment. ConclusionProsthodontic rehabilitation positively influenced nutritional status, chewing ability, and dietary behavior among elderly individuals. Restoration of oral function may contribute to healthier aging and should form an integral component of geriatric oral healthcare.
Histopathological Spectrum of Oral Leukoplakia and Its Malignant Trans formation Risk
Background:Oral leukoplakia is one of the most common potentially malignant oral disorders, with a variable risk of transformation into oral squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathological evaluation plays a vital role in assessing the severity of epithelial dysplasia and predicting malignant potential. Aim:To evaluate the histopathological spectrum of oral leukoplakia and assess its risk of malignant transformation based on clinicopathological findings. Materials and Methods:The present retrospective observational study included 60 histopathologically confirmed cases of oral leukoplakia. Clinical details, including age, gender, lesion site, clinical appearance, and associated habits, were collected from patient records. Histopathological examination was performed on hematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections, and lesions were categorised by the degree of epithelial dysplasia. The correlation between clinical presentation and the risk of malignant transformation was analysed. Results:The majority of cases were observed among males aged 41–60. Buccal mucosa was the most commonly affected site. Homogeneous leukoplakia was more prevalent; however, non-homogeneous lesions were more strongly associated with moderate and severe dysplasia. Histopathological analysis revealed mild epithelial dysplasia as the most common finding, whereas severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ were associated with an increased risk of malignant transformation. Conclusion:The study highlights that oral leukoplakia exhibits a broad histopathological spectrum with variable malignant potential. Non-homogeneous lesions and higher grades of epithelial dysplasia were strongly associated with increased risk of malignant transformation. Therefore, early diagnosis, histopathological assessment, habit cessation, and long-term follow-up are essential for the prevention of progression to oral cancer.Advancement of Knowledge:The present study provides a detailed evaluation of the histopathological spectrum of oral leukoplakia and its association with the risk of malignant transformation. The study emphasises the importance of correlating clinical presentation with histopathological grading to enable early identification of high-risk lesions. It further highlights the significance of non-homogeneous leukoplakia and advanced epithelial dysplasia as important predictors of malignant progression. The findings contribute to a better understanding of disease behaviour and support the need for regular monitoring and timely intervention in patients with oral leukoplakia.
Long-Term Functional Outcomes of TMJ After Maxillofacial Trauma
Background:Maxillofacial trauma involving the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) may lead to long-term functional complications affecting mandibular movement, mastication, speech, and overall quality of life. Condylar fractures and associated TMJ injuries are commonly associated with pain, restricted mouth opening, malocclusion, and joint dysfunction. Aim:To evaluate the long-term functional outcomes of the temporomandibular joint following maxillofacial trauma and to assess associated clinical complications affecting TMJ function. Materials and Methods:The present retrospective cross-sectional study included 50 patients with a previous history of maxillofacial trauma involving the TMJ region. Clinical evaluation was performed to assess mouth opening, mandibular deviation, TMJ pain, joint sounds, malocclusion, and mandibular movements. Radiographic assessment was performed using panoramic radiographs and CT/CBCT imaging as required. Functional outcomes were correlated with trauma aetiology and treatment modality. Results:The majority of patients were in the 21–40-year age group, with male predominance. Road traffic accidents were identified as the most common cause of trauma. Restricted mouth opening and TMJ pain were the most frequently observed long-term complications. Joint sounds, mandibular deviation, and malocclusion were also observed in several patients. Surgically managed patients demonstrated comparatively better functional outcomes than conservatively treated cases. Conclusion:Maxillofacial trauma involving the temporomandibular joint may result in persistent long-term functional impairment despite treatment. Early diagnosis, proper treatment planning, rehabilitation, and long-term follow-up are essential for restoring optimal TMJ function and minimising post-traumatic complications. Advancement of Knowledge The present study provides a comprehensive evaluation of long term temporomandibular joint dysfunction following maxillofacial trauma and highlights the importance of functional assessment during long-term follow-up. The study emphasises the association between condylar trauma and persistent complications such as restricted mouth opening, TMJ pain, and mandibular deviation. It further demonstrates that surgically managed cases show improved functional recovery compared with conservative treatment. The findings contribute to a better understanding of post-traumatic TMJ complications and support the importance of early intervention, radiographic evaluation, and rehabilitation in improving patient outcomes.
Evaluation of Post-Extraction Healing Using Platelet-Rich Fibrin Versus Conventional Healing: A Comparative Clinical Study
Background: Post-extraction wound healing is an important determinant of patient comfort and successful oral rehabilitation. Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, has gained considerable attention because of its potential to accelerate soft-tissue healing and reduce post-operative complications due to the sustained release of growth factors. Aim: To comparatively evaluate post-extraction healing in extraction sockets treated with PRF and conventional healing following routine dental extraction. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical study was conducted among 30 patients requiring bilateral extraction of comparable teeth. The patients were divided into two groups: Group I (PRF group), where PRF was placed into the extraction socket immediately after extraction, and Group II (control group), where extraction sockets were allowed to heal conventionally without any adjunctive material. Clinical parameters including pain, swelling, soft-tissue healing, and incidence of complications were assessed on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th post-operative days using standardized indices and visual analogue scale (VAS). The collected data were statistically analyzed using appropriate tests with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The PRF group demonstrated significantly improved soft-tissue healing and reduced post-operative pain and swelling compared to the conventional healing group. Faster epithelialization and reduced incidence of complications such as dry socket were observed in sockets treated with PRF. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the groups, particularly on the 3rd and 7th post-operative days. Conclusion: Placement of PRF in extraction sockets enhanced post-extraction healing and improved patient comfort when compared with conventional healing. PRF can be considered a simple, cost-effective, and biologically acceptable adjunct for promoting wound healing following dental extraction.
Platelet-Rich Fibrin, Wound Healing, Post-operative Pain, Soft-Tissue Healing
Comparative Evaluation of Animated Distraction Versus Virtual Reality During Local Anaesthetic Injection in Children
Background: Pain and anxiety during local anaesthetic administration remain major concerns in pediatric dental patients. Various distraction techniques have been introduced to improve child cooperation and reduce fear during dental procedures. Animated distraction and virtual reality are commonly used non-pharmacological behaviour management techniques in Pediatric Dentistry. Aim: To comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of animated distraction and virtual reality distraction during intraoral local anaesthetic injection in children. Materials and Methods: The present randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 30 children aged 5–10 years requiring local anaesthetic administration for dental treatment. Participants were randomly divided into two groups of 15 each. Group I received animated distraction using age-appropriate cartoons displayed on a mobile device, while Group II received virtual reality distraction using a VR headset with child-friendly audiovisual content during injection administration. Topical anaesthetic gel was applied prior to injection in both groups. Pain perception was assessed using the Wong–Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale, anxiety was evaluated using pulse rate and Facial Image Scale, and behaviour was assessed using Frankl Behaviour Rating Scale. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using independent t-test and Chi-square test with significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: Children in the virtual reality group demonstrated lower pain and anxiety scores compared to the animated distraction group. Pulse rate increase during injection was also lower in the virtual reality group. Improved behaviour ratings and better cooperation were observed among children receiving virtual reality distraction. However, the difference between the groups was statistically significant for pain perception and anxiety scores. Conclusion: Both animated distraction and virtual reality distraction were effective in reducing pain and anxiety during local anaesthetic administration in children. However, virtual reality distraction showed superior effectiveness and improved child cooperation during dental procedures.
Virtual reality, Animated distraction, Local anaesthetic injection
Psychological and Social Impact of Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers among Young Adults
Background: Recurrent aphthous ulcers are painful sores that appear in the mouth and can make it hard to eat, talk, be social, and feel good about yourself. Young adults are affected by this condition due to multifactorial reasons. Hence, the current study was undertaken to investigate the psychological and social effects of recurring aphthous ulcers in young adults and to examine their correlation with clinical ulcer-related parameters. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 150 young individuals with recurrent aphthous ulcers. Demographic information, ulcer type, ulcer frequency, number of ulcers, pain score, episode duration, and functional impairments were documented. Structured scores were used to measure the psychological and social effects. Results: A moderate-to-high psychosocial impact was observed in 88 participants (58.7%). There was no significant link between age, gender, and psychosocial impact. Frequent ulcer episodes, many ulcers, elevated pain scores, prolonged duration, challenges in eating and speaking, and avoidance of social interaction were substantially correlated with increased psychosocial impact. Psychological and social evaluations increased considerably with ulcer severity. Conclusion: Recurrent aphthous ulcers adversely impacted the psychological and social well-being of young people, particularly when the ulcers were numerous, painful, or severe.
Recurrent aphthous ulcers; young adults; psychological impact; social impact; oral health-related quality of life; stress.
A Comparative Study On The Mechanical Strength Of 3D-Printed Versus Heat Cured Denture Base Resins
Background: Denture base resins play a critical role in the longevity and clinical success of removable prostheses. Conventional heat-cured polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) has long been the material of choice; however, the advent of 3D printing technology has introduced alternative materials with potential advantages in fabrication efficiency and customization. Despite these benefits, concerns remain regarding their mechanical properties. Aim: To compare the mechanical strength of 3D-printed denture base resins with conventional heat-cured denture base resins. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study was conducted using standardized rectangular specimens fabricated from two groups: Group I – heat-cured PMMA denture base resin and Group II – 3D-printed denture base resin. Each group consisted of equal numbers of samples prepared according to manufacturer specifications. Mechanical strength was evaluated using a three-point bending test on a universal testing machine to determine flexural strength. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using an independent t-test, with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The heat-cured PMMA group demonstrated higher mean flexural strength compared to the 3D-printed resin group. The difference between the groups was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05), indicating superior mechanical performance of conventional denture base material under the tested conditions. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, heat-cured denture base resins exhibited greater mechanical strength than 3D-printed resins. However, 3D-printed materials offer advantages in terms of fabrication and digital workflow, suggesting the need for further advancements to enhance their mechanical properties for long-term clinical application.
3D printing, denture base resin, heat cured PMMA, flexural strength, mechanical properties
Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage in Type II GIC, Type IX GIC, and Resin-Modified GIC in Primary Teeth: An In Vitro Study
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the microleakage of Type II glass ionomer cement (GIC), Type IX GIC, and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) restorations in primary teeth. Materials and Methods: Thirty over-retained, non-carious primary molars beyond their exfoliation period were collected and randomly divided into three groups (n = 10 each). Group A: Type II GIC; Group B: Type IX GIC; Group C: RMGIC. Standardized Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surface of each tooth without mechanical retention and restored with the respective materials. All samples were subjected to thermocycling for 250 cycles at varying temperatures, followed by coating with nail varnish. The specimens were then immersed in 0.5% methylene blue dye for 24 hours. Teeth were sectioned buccolingually through the center of the restoration and evaluated under a stereomicroscope for dye penetration. The data obtained were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA and Mann– Whitney U test. Results: The RMGIC group demonstrated comparatively higher microleakage than the other groups. However, no statistically significant difference was observed among the three groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, Type II GIC, Type IX GIC, and RMGIC showed comparable microleakage performance in primary teeth.
In Vitro Assessment of Remineralizing Efficacy of CPP-ACP and Sodium Fluoride on Demineralized Enamel
Background: Early enamel demineralization is a reversible process, and various remineralizing agents have been introduced to restore mineral loss. Among these, casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and fluoride-based formulations are widely used; however, their comparative efficacy in primary teeth remains an area of interest. Aim: To evaluate and compare the remineralization potential of CPP-ACP paste and sodium fluoride on artificially induced enamel lesions in primary molars. Materials and Methods: This in vitro experimental study was conducted on 30 extracted, caries-free primary molars, randomly allocated into three groups (n = 10 each): Group I received CPP-ACP paste (GC Tooth Mousse®), Group II received sodium fluoride toothpaste (0.165% w/w NaF; ~750 ppm fluoride) serving as a positive control, and Group III received normal saline as a negative control. Artificial enamel lesions were created by immersing samples in a demineralizing solution (pH 4.5) for 72 hours. The respective agents were applied for four minutes daily for seven days, with specimens stored in artificial saliva between applications. Surface microhardness (SMH) was assessed using a Vickers microhardness tester at baseline (T0), after demineralization (T1), and after remineralization (T2). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, paired t-tests, and Tukey’s post-hoc tests, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: A significant reduction in SMH was observed following demineralization in all groups (p < 0.05). Post-remineralization, both CPP-ACP and sodium fluoride groups demonstrated a statistically significant increase in SMH compared to the control group (p < 0.05). CPP-ACP showed a greater improvement in microhardness values compared to sodium fluoride; however, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Both CPP-ACP and sodium fluoride exhibited effective remineralization potential on artificial enamel lesions in primary teeth. CPP-ACP demonstrated a comparatively higher, though not statistically significant, remineralization effect. These findings suggest that CPP-ACP can be considered a promising alternative or adjunct to fluoride therapy in pediatric dental care.
CPP-ACP, Sodium fluoride, Remineralization, Primary teeth
Three-Dimensional Organoids in Oral Cancer Research: A Paradigm Shift in Oncology
Oral cancer, predominantly oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), remains a major global health burden with high morbidity and mortality rates. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures and animal models often fail to accurately replicate tumor heterogeneity and the complex tumor microenvironment. Organoids, three-dimensional (3D) in vitro culture systems derived from stem cells or tumor tissues, have emerged as a revolutionary tool in cancer research. Oral cancer organoids closely mimic the histological architecture, genetic profile, and functional characteristics of the original tumor. This review discusses the concept, development, methodologies, and applications of organoids in oral cancer research, highlighting their role in disease modeling, drug screening, and personalized medicine. Additionally, limitations, challenges, and future prospects are addressed.
Artificial Intelligence in Oral Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Review
Oral cancer, predominantly oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), remains a major global health burden with high morbidity and mortality rates due to late diagnosis and limited prognostic accuracy. Artificial Intelligence (AI), encompassing machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), has emerged as a transformative tool in healthcare, offering enhanced diagnostic precision, early detection, and prognostic prediction. AI-based systems analyze large datasets including clinical images, histopathological slides, radiographic scans, and molecular profiles to assist clinicians in decision-making. This review explores the applications of AI in oral cancer diagnosis and prognosis, highlighting recent advancements, advantages, limitations, and future perspectives.
Artificial Intelligence, Oral Cancer, OSCC, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Diagnosis, Prognosis
Role of Early Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of early biopsy in the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to assess its importance in the early detection of suspicious oral lesions. Methodology:This retrospective descriptive study included 120 patients who presented with clinically suspicious oral lesions and underwent biopsy for histopathological evaluation. Clinical records were obtained from the departmental archives of Oral Medicine and Radiology / Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Data regarding patient demographics, lesion site, clinical presentation, and associated risk factors were collected. Biopsy specimens were processed using routine hematoxylin and eosin staining and examined microscopically to establish the final diagnosis. Results:Out of 120 patients, the majority were males (76) and most cases were observed in the 41–60 years age group. The buccal mucosa (30%) was the most commonly affected site followed by the tongue (23.3%). Non-healing ulcers (33.3%) were the most frequent clinical presentation. Histopathological examination confirmed oral squamous cell carcinoma in 88 cases, with well-differentiated OSCC being the most common type (38.3%). Tobacco chewing (43.3%) was identified as the most prevalent risk factor among the patients. Conclusion:Early biopsy plays a crucial role in the definitive diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Timely histopathological evaluation of suspicious oral lesions facilitates early detection, accurate diagnosis, and prompt treatment planning. Early biopsy can significantly improve prognosis and contribute to better clinical outcomes in patients with oral cancer.
biopsy, diagnosis, squamous, carcinoma, suspicious
Interdisciplinary Approach to Dental Trauma: Long-Term Functional and Esthetic Results
Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an interdisciplinary approach in the management of traumatic dental injuries and to assess the long-term functional and esthetic outcomes following treatment of traumatized anterior teeth. Method: A prospective clinical observational study was conducted on 60 patients aged between 8 and 25 years presenting with traumatic dental injuries involving maxillary anterior teeth. A total of 84 traumatized teeth were included in the study. Patients underwent comprehensive clinical and radiographic examination to determine the type and severity of injury. Based on the diagnosis, an interdisciplinary treatment approach involving restorative procedures, endodontic therapy, orthodontic repositioning, and replantation when required was implemented. Patients were followed clinically and radiographically at 3, 6, and 12 months to evaluate functional recovery, tooth vitality, esthetic outcome, and the presence of complications. Result: The most common type of traumatic dental injury observed was crown fracture (40.5%), followed by luxation injuries (25%), avulsion (15.5%), root fractures (11.9%), and crown-root fractures (7.1%). At the end of the 12-month follow-up period, 85.7% of the treated teeth demonstrated successful outcomes, including normal function, absence of pain, and satisfactory esthetic restoration. However, 14.3% of the cases showed complications, such as pulp necrosis, discoloration, or root resorption. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that an interdisciplinary treatment approach significantly improves the prognosis of traumatized teeth. Early diagnosis, appropriate treatment planning, and coordinated management among dental specialties contribute to successful functional rehabilitation and satisfactory esthetic outcomes. Regular follow-up is essential to monitor healing and detect possible complications following dental trauma.
Dental trauma, traumatic dental injuries, interdisciplinary management, anterior teeth, esthetic rehabilitation, functional outcome.